Computer programmers are responsible for writing the
detailed instructions that a computer follows, These instructions, input in
computer language, are known as computer programs or software.
Programmers develop software used for everything from
handling hotel reservations to playing computer games. Some work as programmer-analysts,
handling the tasks of both the systems analyst and the programmer. Others may
also work directly with experts in specific fields developing programs for
software companies.
There are two different types of computer programmers.
Systems programmers maintain software that controls the entire computer system
while application programmers write programs that handle specific tasks. In
many instances systems programmers are called in to assist application
programmers with specific programming problems.
Computer programmers work in special computer languages
such as BASIC, COBOL, C, Fourth-Generation Languages (4GL), FORTRAN, PASCAL C,
DOS, or Artificial Intelligence (At). Typically, each language is used for
different kinds of applications. COBOL, for example, is traditionally used when
writing business programs.
Once the programmer has written the desired program,
the individual is responsible for testing it to make sure that it runs
property. The process of going over each set of instructions until the program
runs error free is called debugging. This is one of the more challenging and
time-consuming tasks for a programmer.
The individual may also write instructions to be used
by the operator who will be running the program. In some cases, computer programmers
may write instruction manuals.
Computer programmers are responsible to the senior or
lead computer programmer.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Computer programmers may work full or part time. They
can also work on a consulting or temporary basis for specific projects.
Employment settings include:
Software companies, Research organizations, Robot
manufacturers, Corporate industry, Data processing services, Business services,
Banks, Computer manufacturers, Educational institutions and Machinery and
equipment wholesalers
Expanding Opportunities
for the 21st Century
The most employable computer programmers will be those
with a college education who are familiar with a variety of programming and
operating languages.
The demand for computer programmers will increase in
the future as a result of the automation of almost every industry. Two areas
that are growing especially quickly are data communications and computer
networking.
EARNINGS
Computer programmers earn from $20,000 to $60,000 plus.
Factors affecting earnings include the education, experience, and
responsibilities of the individual as well as the specific employment situation
and location.
The more education and experience, the higher the
earnings will be. Those just entering the field may earn between $20,000 and
$23,000. With more experience, programmers can earn between $25,000 and $60,000
or more.
Also, systems programmers generally earn more than
application programmers.
ADVANCEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Individuals starting out as junior programmers may,
with experience and education, become senior programmers. They can also obtain
managerial, administrative, or supervisory positions such as lead programmer.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
A four-year college degree in computer science,
computer programming, or information science is usually preferred but is not
mandatory. Other degrees may be in engineering, physical science, or math.
Though not mandatory, the degree may be necessary for advancement.
Many individuals learn computer programming in high
school or vocational-technical school. Others choose degree programs in
two-year or four-year colleges,
Some employers who hire entry-level programmers offer
training classes. Most programmers continue their education throughout their
career because of constantly changing technology.
EXPERIENCE AND QUALIFICATIONS
Individuals usually work under close supervision until
they obtain adequate experience. While not always a requirement, certification
is available. Individuals who are college graduates with little or no
experience in the field can be certified as assistant computer programmers.
Senior programmers can receive a certificate in computer programming.
The credentialing process is handled by the Institute
for Certification of Computer Professionals. In order to obtain the assistant
credential, individuals must take an examination. Senior programmers must have
experience in addition to passing a core examination plus two more exams in
specialty areas. Credential holders may be preferred for some positions as it
is an indication of experience and professional competency.
FOR
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Individuals interested in learning more
about careers in computer programming can contact the Association of Computer
Programmers and Analysts (ACPA), the Association for Computing Machinery,
Special Interest Group on Programming Languages, (SIGPL), the Data Processing
Management Association (DPMA), the Microcomputer Software Association (MSA),
and the Institute for Certification of Computer Professionals (ICCP).
TIPS
Look in computer magazines for the names and addresses
of major software firms. Send your resume and a short cover letter requesting
an interview.
Jobs are often advertised in the classifieds under the
headings "Computers," "Computer Programmer," "Systems
Programmer," "Applications Programmer," "Software
Designer," "Software Programmer," "Scientific Programmer,"
etc.
Job openings are advertised in the trade journals of
many industries.
Many jobs are available in federal or state government
in this field. Contact your state or federal employment service for
information.
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